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Item Allometric growth of non-carcass components in crossed lambs(2014) Garcia, Iraides Ferreira Furusho; Alvarenga, Tharcilla Isabella Rodrigues Costa; Perez, Juan Ramon Olalquiaga; Almeida, Amelia Katiane de; Gallo, Sarita Bonagurio; Pereira, Idalmo Garcia; Alves, Nadja Gomes; Alvarenga, Flávio Augusto PereiraMales and females, including purebred Santa Inês lamb (SI) and crosses between Santa Inês dams and Texel (TxSI), Ile de France (IFxSI) and Bergamasca (BxSI) sires were feedlot finished and slaughtered at 15, 25, 35 and 45kg live weight. After slaughter, the following non- carcass components were weighed and calculated the allometric growth. Lungs of BxSI males grew faster than those of SI and TxSI. Trachea/esophagus in SI and TxSI males grew slower than IFxSI and BxSI. Kidneys BxSI males grew faster than TxSI and IFxSI. Livers of female TxSI lamb grew more rapidly than those of females in the other genetic groups. In both males and females, the rumen/reticulum grew faster in the TxSI group than SI and BxSI groups. Machos e fêmeas, Santa Inês puros (SI) e cruzados de matrizes Santa Inês com reprodutores das raças Texel (TxSI), Ile de France (IFxSI) e Bergamácia (BxSI), terminados em confinamento e abatidos aos 15, 25, 35 e 45kg de peso vivo. Após o abate, foram tomados os pesos das vísceras e analisado o crescimento alométrico. O pulmão dos machos BxSI cresceu em taxas mais elevadas que SI e TxSI. A tráqueia/esôfago dos machos SI e TxSI cresceu mais lentamente que dos IFxSI e BxSI. Os rins dos machos BxSI cresceram mais rápido comparado aos dos TxSI e IFxSI. O fígado das fêmeas TxSI cresceu em taxas mais elevadas quando comparadas às fêmeas dos outros grupos genéticos. Os machos e fêmeas do grupo TxSI apresentaram taxas de crescimento maiores para rúmen/retículo, respectivamente, comparado aos grupos SI e BxSI.Item Características de carcaça de cordeiros Suffolk abatidos em diferentes idades(2000) Bueno, Mauro Sartori; Cunha, Eduardo Antonio da; Santos, Luiz Eduardo dos; Sanchez Roda, Domingos; Leinz, Frederico FontouraThe effect of slaughter age on non-carcass components and carcass characteristics was evaluated in 35 Suffolk lambs slaughtered at average age of 90, 130 or 170 days, fed corn silage and concentrate (19.6% CP). As the slaughter age increased, animal live weight and carcass weight linearly increased, and some non-carcass components as blood, head, legs and full viscera percentage linearly decreased, leading to a linear increase in carcass yield. As the slaughter age increase, it was observed change in the proportion of carcass components with a linear increase of fat percentage, a linear decrease in bones percentage and no change in the muscle percentage. A linear decrease in the hindquarter, a linear increase in the ribs and no change in the forequarter carcass cuts was observed with increasing slaughter age. Higher slaughter age led to a linear increase in carcass measures and compactness. The slaughter age of Suffolk lambs, to produce suitable carcasses for retail, is between 110 and 130 days of age. Foram avaliadas as proporções dos componentes não-carcaça e as características de carcaça de 35 cordeiros Suffolk, abatidos com idades médias de 90, 130 ou 170 dias, alimentados com silagem de milho e ração concentrada (19,6% de PB). O aumento da idade de abate acarretou incremento linear dos pesos de abate e de carcaça e diminuição linear na proporção de alguns componentes não-carcaça, como sangue, cabeça, patas e vísceras cheias, o que resultou em aumento linear do rendimento de carcaça. As proporções dos componentes da carcaça foram alteradas pelo aumento da idade de abate, observando-se aumento linear na porcentagem de gordura, diminuição linear na de ossos e nenhuma alteração na de músculos. Os cortes efetuados nas carcaças mostraram diminuição linear da porcentagem de traseiro, nenhuma alteração na de dianteiro e aumento linear na de costilhar, com o aumento da idade de abate. As medidas de carcaça e compacidade mostraram aumento linear com o aumento da idade de abate. A idade de abate de cordeiros Suffolk criados intensivamente para produzir carcaças adequadas ao mercado consumidor da região Centro-Sul do Brasil fica entre 110 e 130 dias de idade.Item Desempenho de cordeiros Texel x Bergamácia, Texel x Santa Inês e Santa Inês puros, terminados em confinamento, alimentados com casca de café como parte da dieta(2000) Garcia, Iraides Ferreira Furusho; Olalquiaga Perez, Juan Ramón; Teixeira, Júlio César; Barbosa, Cristina Maria PachecoABSTRACT - The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of female and male Texel x Bergamacia, Texel x Santa Inês and straitbred Santa Inês. Thirty-six lambs were individually penned for a period of 50 days. The animals were fed elephant grass silage and the following diets: A= without coffee hulls (control), B = with untreated in nature coffee hulls and C = with urea in nature treated coffee hulls and ground soybean seed. The animals were slaughtered with average age of 180 days. The intakes of dry matter (DMI), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), feed: gain ratio (F: G), final weight (FW), average daily gain (ADG), slaughter weight (SW), weight loss due to fasting period (FWD), gut content weight (GCW) and empty body weight (EBW) were evaluated. The diets did not affect the intake of DM, CP, FW, SW, FWL, ADG, F: G, GCW and EBW. The neutral detergent fiber intake increased as the coffee hulls increased, and this increase was lower for the animals that consumed diet containing urea treated coffee hulls. The crossbred lambs T x B and T x S showed lower intake of DM, CP and NDF and higher FW, SW, GCW and EBW as compared with straitbreed Santa Inês lambs. There was no difference among the genetic groups for F: G, ADG and FWL, although small high values, but not significant were observed for F: G and ADG of T x B and T x S lambs. The male lambs showed lower DM, CP and NDF and F:G and higher FW, SW, ADW and EBW than the females. The males and females showed similar FWL and GCW. RESUMO - O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de cordeiros e cordeiras cruzas Texel x Bergamácia (T x B), Texel x Santa Inês (T x S) e Santa Inês (SI) puros. Trinta e seis animais foram confinados individualmente, durante um período de 50 dias, recebendo, além de silagem de capim elefante, três dietas: A = sem casca de café (controle), B = com casca de café in natura e C = com casca de café tratada com uréia e grão de soja moído. Os animais foram abatidos com idade média de 180 dias. Consumos de matéria seca (CMS), proteína bruta (CPB) e fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN), conversão alimentar (CA), peso final (PF), ganho de peso diário (GPD), peso de abate (PA), diferença de peso devido ao jejum (DPJ), conteúdo do aparelho digestório (CAD) e peso do corpo vazio (PCV) foram avaliados. A utilização de casca de café na dieta, tratada ou não, não influenciou os consumos de MS, PB, PF, GPD, CA, PF, GPD, PA, DPJ, CAD e PCV. O consumo de FDN aumentou com a utilização da casca de café, sendo menor para os animais que consumiram a dieta contendo casca de café tratada com uréia. Os animais cruzas T x B e T x S apresentaram menores consumos MS, PB e FDN e maiores PF, PA, CAD e PCV, comparados aos cordeiros SI. Não foi observada diferença entre os grupos genéticos para CA, GPD e DPJ, apesar dos valores ligeiramente maiores, mas não-significativos, para CA e GPD dos cordeiros T x B e T x S. Os machos apresentaram valores inferiores de consumos de MS, PB, FDN e CA e superiores para PF, GPD, PA e PCV que femeas. Machos e fêmeas mostraram-se semelhantes para DPJ e CAD.Item Developing a continuous adjustment factor for dry matter intake of gestating and lactating ewes(2021) Gallo, Sarita Bonagurio; Tedeschi, Luis OrlindoABSTRACT: Intake is a multifactorial process that is influenced by animal type, environmental factors, and diet characteristics. Sheep, especially, have specific eating habits, with a greater selection of ingested feed compared to cattle. Thus, predictive equations for dry matter intake (DMI) must constantly be reviewed. The objective of this study was to combine different adjustment factors to develop one continuous adjustment factor for predicting the DMI of pregnant, dry, and lactating ewes. The equations evaluated for non-lactation ewes accounts for metabolic body weight and weight gain, and the equation for lactating ewes includes milk production and its fat content. The database used in this study was pooled from hair sheep ewes, two to four years old, with controlled feeding, during the pregnancy and lactating physiological phases. For the overall predictions (gestating and lactating ewes), the adjusted DMI prediction had greater accuracy but lower precision than the unadjusted DMI prediction. However, adjusting DMI increased the adequacy of the prediction as the mean square error of prediction difference (ΔMSEP) decreased (p = 0.0328). Similarly, for gestating ewes, the adjusted predicted DMI had a lower ΔMSEP than the unadjusted predicted DMI (p < 0.001). For lactating ewes, no difference was detected between the adjusted and unadjusted predicted DMI based on the ΔMSEP statistics (p = 0.3672), but the assumption that peak milk was 28 days (default) worsened the predictability of the adjusted predicted DMI as it had lower precision and accuracy. Adjustments for predicted DMI of dry and lactating ewes are necessary to increase adequacy and precision.Item Economic performance of high-energy diets and supplementation with chromium propionate or calcium salts of palm oil in ewes’ production(2022) Santos, Fernanda Ferreira dos; Brochine, Luciano; Nacimento, Rafael Araújo; Moreira, Flávia Mallaco; Gameiro, Augusto Hauber; Gallo, Sarita BonagurioABSTRACT The experiment aimed to analyze the economic viability of using high-energy diets and the supplementation of chromium propionate or calcium salts of palm oil in the diet of ewes from the late gestation until the end of lactation. Seventy-two ewes of Santa Ines × Dorper crossbreeds were allocated to five treatments: CTL (n = 14) with 100% of NRC recommendation for metabolizable energy per kg dry matter intake (ME/kg DMI), LOW (n = 14) with 90% ME/kg DMI, HIGH (n = 15) with 110% ME/kg DMI, Cr (n = 15) HIGH diet plus chromium propionate, and FAT (n = 14) HIGH diet plus calcium salts of palm oil. Based on the performance data, a short-term analysis was performed for a module of 1000 ewes, evaluating costs, revenues, and profitability, and long-term analysis was performed by an additional cash flow of 120 months. The CTL and FAT treatments were not viable due to higher costs and lower revenues, and they also had a negative net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). The LOW treatment, despite lower costs and positive profitability, had a negative NPV (-$872.90) and IRR (1.85%) that was below the discount rate, making it unprofitable in the long run. The HIGH and Cr treatments were considered feasible because they had lower unit costs and higher profitability, in addition to a high NPV ($64,894.11 and 104,902.05, respectively) and a higher IRR (9.03% and 13.65%, respectively) than the discount rate. The use of high-energy diets, with added chromium propionate, promoted better performance and, consequently, better economic return.Item Influence of lamb finishing system on animal performance and meat quality(2019) Gallo, Sarita Bonagurio; Arrigoni, Mario de Beni; Lemos, Ana Lúcia da Silva C.; Haguiwara, Márcia Mayumi Harada; Bezerra, Helena Viel AlvesABSTRACT. This study aimed to assess the influence of lamb finishing systems on zootechnical performance, as well as on carcass and meat quality. The experiment was conducted at the APTA’s experimental farm. Thirty-three lambs were used - both sexes, initial age of 90 ± 3 days, Texel with Santa Inês, each animal being one experimental unit, with 6 males and 5 females per treatment. Treatments consisted of: lambs finished on pasture, in semi-feedlot or in feedlot. The lambs were slaughtered with average live weight of 35 kg. Weight gain and carcass measures were taken by ultrasound. After slaughter, carcass conformation and yield, pH, temperature, color, water retention capacity and tenderness were measured. Animals finished on pasture had lower weight gain, were slaughtered at an older age, with lighter carcass weight, smaller loin area, lower shank compactness index, besides lighter shoulder and shank weights, compared to the other production systems (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the semi-feedlot and the feedlot systems for the assessed characteristics. In conclusion, production systems affect animal performance, as well as carcass and meat quality, especially when it comes to important production aspects, such as slaughter age and yield of premium cuts.Item Influência da suplementação no pré-parto e da idade de desmama sobre o desempenho de cordeiros terminados em confinamento(2007) Rosa, Gilberto Teixeira da; Siqueira, Edson Ramos de; Gallo, Sarita Bonagurio; Moraes, Sofia Simões SilveiraThe objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of ewe pre-partum supplementation and weaning age on performance of lambs. Forth-four Ile de France x Bergamasca ewes that were mated with Ile de France rams were used in this trial. Animals were maintained in a rotational grazing system of Panicum maximum (cv. Tanzânia) pasture until 30 days before parturition. Ewes were then divided in two groups: supplemented (SUPL) and not-supplemented (NS); animals on the SUPL group were supplemented (1% of body weight [BW]) with a balanced diet according to NRC (1985) requirements. After parturition, both groups were supplemented. Half of lambs from the SUPL and NS groups were weaned at 45 days of age and the other half at 60 days of age. After weaning lambs were feedlot fed with a diet balanced according to NRC (1985) model. Lambs were slaughtered when they reached 30 kg of BW after 16 hours of solids fasting. Both BW and body condition score of ewes at parturition differed between SUPL and NS groups while the same was not observed at weaning. Birth weight, weaning weight, weight gain from birth to weaning and from weaning to slaughter, days in feedlot, and slaughter age all were not different in lambs born from ewes of the SUPL or NS groups. However, significant differences were observed for weaning weight and weight gain from weaning to slaughter between groups of animals weaned at 45 or 60 days of age. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação no pré-parto e da idade à desmama sobre o desempenho de cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizadas 44 matrizes mestiças Ile de France × Bergamácia acasaladas com cordeiro Ile de France mantidas em pastagem de Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, em sistema de pastejo rotacionado, até 30 dias antes do parto, quando foram separadas em dois grupos. No pré-parto, apenas o primeiro grupo (SUPL) recebeu suplementação (1% peso vivo) com dieta balanceada. Após o parto, ambos os grupos, com (SUPL) e sem suplementação (NS), receberam suplementação. Por sorteio, metade dos cordeiros de cada grupo foi desmamada aos 45 dias e a outra metade, aos 60 dias de idade. Após a desmama, os cordeiros foram mantidos em confinamento com dieta balanceada e abatidos aos 30 kg de PV, após jejum de sólidos de 16 horas. O peso e a condição corporal ao parto das ovelhas diferiram entre os grupos, o que não ocorreu ao desmame. Os peso ao nascimento e ao desmame, o ganho de peso do nascimento ao desmame e do desmame ao abate, o período em confinamento e a idade ao abate não diferiram entre os cordeiros. O peso ao desmame e o ganho de peso do desmame ao abate foram influenciados pela idade à desmama (os cordeiros apresentaram 0,20 kg aos 45 dias e 0,15 kg aos 60 dias de idade). A suplementação proporcionou melhor condição corporal às ovelhas e a desmama aos 45 dias promoveu melhor desempenho aos cordeiros.Item Metabolismo de cálcio em ovinos em crescimento sob suplementação com diferentes fontes de cálcio: aplicação e comparação de dois modelos matemáticos(2006) Vitti, Dorinha Miriam Silber Schmidt; Roque, Ana Paula; Dias, Raquel Souza; Lopes, João Batista; Bueno, Ives Cláudio da Silva; Bueno, Mauro Sartori; Nozella, Eduardo FernandoThis research was conducted to compare the accuracy of two mathematical models to predict calcium (Ca) metabolism in sheep supplemented with different Ca sources. Twenty Brazilian male sheep averaging 7 to 8 months of age were fed a basal diet containing corn, soybean meal, hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse, urea, mono-ammonium phosphate, mineral mixture and one of the following Ca sources: limestone (LM), alfalfa hay (AH), dicalcium phosphate (DP), oyster shell meal (SM), and citrus pulp (CP). On day 22 each animal received an intravenous injection of 7.7 MBq of radio-calcium (45Ca) followed by collection of blood, feces, and urine every 24 h for 7 days. Total Ca and radioactivity were measured in all samples. At the end of the collection period, animals were slaughtered and samples of liver, heart, kidney, muscles and 12th rib were taken for analysis. Calcium metabolism was evaluated by the models proposed by Vitti et al. (2000) and Fernandez (1995). A completely randomized design was used and means were compared by the Duncan test. No significant differences were observed for Ca intake among treatments. However, total fecal excretion of Ca differed and was lowest in animals fed LM. Calcium balance was negative in sheep receiving AH and CP because Ca absorption might have been compromised by the high contents of pectin and oxalate in these two supplements, respectively. Flows of Ca between the central pool and the digestive tract showed the greatest absorption of Ca on animals fed LM. Diets supplemented with LM, DP, and SM had highest Ca availability with values of 65.38, 34.12 and 32.43%, respectively. The models differed in the predictions of Ca flows among blood, bone and soft tissues but showed similar values for Ca balance in the different compartments. These discrepant results may be explained by structural difference between models. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar, por meio de dois modelos matemáticos, o metabolismo do cálcio (Ca) em ovinos recebendo dietas suplementadas com diferentes fontes de Ca. Foram utilizados 20 cordeiros mestiços Santa Inês (6 a 8 meses de idade) alimentados com uma dieta basal composta de milho, farelo de soja, bagaço de cana hidrolisado, uréia, fosfato monoamônio (MAP) e mistura mineral suplementada com cinco fontes de cálcio: polpa cítrica (PC), feno de alfafa (FA), calcário calcítico (CC), farinha de conchas de ostras (FC) e fosfato bicálcico (FB). Os animais receberam, via jugular, solução contendo 7,7 MBq de 45Ca. Durante sete dias, realizaram-se coletas de fezes, sangue e urina. Após o período de coleta, os animais foram sacrificados para retirada de amostras de tecidos (fígado, rins, coração, músculo e 12ª costela) para análises. O metabolismo de Ca foi avaliado pelos modelos de Vitti et al. (2000) e Fernandez (1995). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Duncan. Não houve diferença significativa para o consumo de Ca entre os tratamentos. A excreção fecal foi menor para o CC. O balanço de Ca foi negativo para FA e PC. A absorção de Ca pode ter sido prejudicada pela presença de pectina e oxalato na polpa cítrica e no feno de alfafa, respectivamente. Os fluxos entre o compartimento central e o trato digestivo indicaram maior absorção de Ca para o CC. As fontes CC, FB e FC apresentaram maior disponibilidade cálcio, com valores respectivos de 65,38; 34,12 e 32,43%. A comparação entre os modelos comprovou diferenças nos fluxos entre o sangue e os tecidos e ossos, todavia, o balanço entre esses compartimentos foi similar. As diferenças entre os modelos possivelmente foram ocasionadas pela sua estrutura.